Supporting the Vitality
of Canada's Minority
Language Communities.

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The International Observatory on Language Rights

The International Observatory on Language Rights aims, on the one hand, to promote the vitality of minority language communities in Canada by urging these communities to take part in the development of their rights and, on the other hand, to acquaint other countries with the Canadian experience by sharing with them how Canada has dealt with its official languages problems. Conversely, the Observatory hopes to help Canadians gain better insight into the linguistic situation in other countries, thereby providing an opportunity to learn from their experience, and offering different problem-solving avenues.
Depuis l’arrêt Beaulac, l’interprétation stricte des droits linguistiques a été écartée en faveur d’une approche téléologique fondée sur le principe de l’égalité réelle (Arsenault-Cameron c. Île-du-Prince-Édouard, 2000 CSC 1, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 3, par. 31; Lavigne c. Canada (Commissariat aux langues officielles), 2002 CSC 53, [2002] 2 R.C.S. 773, par. 22; DesRochers c. Canada (Industrie), 2009 CSC 8, [2009] 1 R.C.S. 194, par. 31; Association des parents de l’école Rose-des-vents c. Colombie-Britannique (Éducation), 2015 CSC 21, [2015] 2 R.C.S. 139, par. 29-30; Warren J. Newman, "Understanding Language Rights, Equality and the Charter : Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Constitutional Interpretation", (2004) 15 Nat’l J. Const. L. 363, p. 394). (para 116) Since Beaulac, restrictive interpretations of language rights have evaporated in favour of a purposive approach infused with the principle of substantive equality: Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island, 2000 SCC 1, [2000] 1 S.C.R. 3 at para. 31; Lavigne v. Canada (Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages), 2002 SCC 53, [2002] 2 S.C.R. 773 at para. 22; DesRochers v. Canada (Industry), 2009 SCC 8, [2009] 1 S.C.R. 194 at para. 31; Association des parents de l’école Rose-des-vents v. British Columbia (Education), 2015 SCC 21, [2015] 2 S.C.R. 139 at paras. 29-30; Warren J. Newman, "Understanding Language Rights, Equality and the Charter: Towards a Comprehensive Theory of Constitutional Interpretation", (2004) 15 Nat’l J. Const. L. 363 at p. 394. (para 116)
Il ne sert à rien de dire qu’il est possible de prendre des mesures pour accommoder l’employé ou réduire le préjudice, comme faire appel à une personne qui peut parler la même langue officielle que l’employé en cas de besoin. Les mesures d’accommodement et les solutions temporaires ne permettent pas la reconnaissance et le respect des droits linguistiques (Voir Beaulac, par. 24 et 45; Industrielle Alliance, Assurance et services financiers inc. c. Mazraani, 2017 CAF 80, par. 22-23; DesRochers, par. 31; Tailleur c. Canada (Procureur général), 2015 CF 1230, par. 82). Les mesures d’accommodement et les solutions temporaires ne permettent pas non plus d’atteindre ou de respecter le but que constitue l’égalité réelle (ibid. et Commission ontarienne des droits de la personne c. Simpsons-Sears, [1985] 2 R.C.S. 536). En comptant sur des mesures d’accommodement et des solutions temporaires -- en traitant l’exercice par une personne de ses droits linguistiques comme s’il s’agissait d’une exception ou d’une anomalie que l’on tolère et gère au besoin -- on bafoue les notions d’égalité réelle et d’appartenance qui sont au coeur du concept d’égalité. La vision de l’égalité réelle énoncée dans l’arrêt Beaulac [TRADUCTION] "ne peut s’accomplir en [réaction à une situation], en adoptant la moins pire des solutions possibles compte tenu des ressources". La Cour suprême dans l’arrêt Beaulac exige que "l’État se conduise sur le plan linguistique comme s’il appartenait aux deux communautés de langues officielles" (Denise G. Réaume, "The Demise of the Political Compromise Doctrine : Have Official Language Use Rights Been Revived?", (2002) 47 McGill L.J. 593, p. 620). (para 121) It is no answer to say that some sort of accommodation can be arranged to assist an employee or to minimize prejudice, such as involving a person who can speak the employee’s preferred official language when necessary. Accommodation and temporary fixes fall short of full recognition and affirmation of the language right. See Beaulac at paras. 24 and 45; Industrielle Alliance, Assurance et Services Financiers Inc. v. Mazraani, 2017 FCA 80 at paras. 22-23; DesRochers at para. 31; Tailleur v. Canada (Attorney General), 2015 FC 1230 at para. 82. Nor do accommodation and temporary fixes advance or fulfil the goal of substantive equality: ibid. and Ont. Human Rights Comm. v. Simpsons-Sears, [1985] 2 S.C.R. 536, 23 D.L.R. (4th) 321. Relying upon accommodation and temporary fixes--treating the exercise of language rights like an exception or anomaly to be tolerated and managed when necessary--tears at the notion of equal status, membership and belonging that lies at the core of the concept of equality. The vision of substantive equality, deployed in Beaulac, "cannot be accomplished by [reacting to a situation] and then muddling through as best as one can given the existing resources"; instead, Beaulac requires that the "government conduct itself as though it is linguistically a part of both official language communities": Denise G. Réaume, "The Demise of the Political Compromise Doctrine: Have Official Language Use Rights Been Revived?", (2002) 47 McGill L.J. 593 at p. 620. (para 121)
Dans bien des contextes, les langues -- officielles ou non -- ne sont souvent que tolérées, et ce du bout des lèvres. Or, les langues officielles commandent plus. Pour donner corps à leur statut de langues officielles, il faut que l’anglais et le français soient plus que tolérés; on doit les chérir, les favoriser et les promouvoir (Michel Bastarache, Les Droits linguistiques au Canada, 2e éd. (Cowansville, Éditions Yvon Blais Inc., 2004), p. 7-8; voir également Leslie Green, "Are Language Rights Fundamental?", (1987) 25 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 639, p. 660). (para 122) In many settings, all languages, whether official or not, are often tolerated, perhaps grudgingly by some. But more than grudging tolerance is required for official languages. To breathe life into their status as official languages, both French and English must be not only tolerated but also embraced, encouraged and promoted: Michel Bastarache, Language Rights in Canada, 2d ed. (Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais Inc., 2004) at p. 6; see also Leslie Green, "Are Language Rights Fundamental?", (1987) 25 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 639 at p. 660. (para 122)

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