Supporting the Vitality
of Canada's Minority
Language Communities.

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The International Observatory on Language Rights

The International Observatory on Language Rights aims, on the one hand, to promote the vitality of minority language communities in Canada by urging these communities to take part in the development of their rights and, on the other hand, to acquaint other countries with the Canadian experience by sharing with them how Canada has dealt with its official languages problems. Conversely, the Observatory hopes to help Canadians gain better insight into the linguistic situation in other countries, thereby providing an opportunity to learn from their experience, and offering different problem-solving avenues.
[63]           Les articles 7, 10(a) et 10(b) ont un volet informationnel. Les trois articles cherchent à garantir que l’accusé comprenne ses droits constitutionnels. En vertu de l’article 7, l’accusé doit comprendre qu’il a droit de garder le silence. En vertu de l’article 10(a) de la Charte, l’accusé doit connaitre les motifs de son arrestation dans les plus brefs délais et doit connaitre l’ampleur du risque qu’il court : R. c. Evans, 1991 CanLII 98 (CSC), [1991] 1 R.C.S. 869, aux pp. 886-887. En vertu de l’article 10(b), l’accusé doit comprendre qu’il a droit à un avocat. Tous ces articles visent à garantir la compréhension de l’accusé. Si un accusé ne comprend pas ses droits, les policiers doivent prendre des mesures raisonnables additionnelles. Cela peut inclure faire appel à un interprète, par exemple : voir R. v. Bassi, 2015 ONCJ 340, aux paras. 11, 39. Toutefois, ces articles ne comprennent pas une garantie de parler à un policier dans sa langue maternelle. Je n’ai pas été en mesure de trouver une décision pouvant appuyer un tel état du droit. Le juge a commis une erreur fondamentale lorsqu’il conclut que les policiers ont une obligation « to communicate with the accused in his official language at key steps… » : Motifs du jugement, au para. 20. Ces propos ne correspondent pas à l’état actuel du droit pour le volet informationnel des articles 7, 10 (a) et 10 (b) de la Charte.  [63]           Sections 7, 10(a) and 10(b) have an informational component. All three sections are aimed at guaranteeing that accused people understand their constitutional rights. Under section 7, the accused must understand that they have a right to silence. Under section 10(a) of the Charter, the accused must be aware of the grounds for arrest as soon as possible and must be able to understand the risks they are facing: R. v. Evans, 1991 CanLII 98 (SCC), [1991] 1 S.C.R. 869, pp. 886-887. Under section 10(b), the accused must understand that they have a right to counsel. All those sections are aimed at guaranteeing that the accused understand their rights. If an accused person does not understand his or her rights, the police must take further reasonable measures. That could include calling an interpreter, for instance; see R. v. Bassi, 2015 ONCJ 340, paragraphs 11, 39. However, none of those articles contains a guarantee that an accused can speak to a police officer in his or her mother tongue. I have not been able to find any decision in support of such a legal position. The trial judge made a fundamental error when he concluded that the police officers had an obligation “to communicate with the accused in his official language at key steps...”: reasons for judgment, paragraph 20. That does not correspond to the current state of the law with regard to the informational aspect of sections 7, 10(a) and 10(b) of the Charter.
[64]           Si l’état du droit était tel qu’un francophone devait converser avec un policier francophone malgré sa compréhension de l’anglais, plusieurs obstacles feraient surface. Ces obstacles sont très similaires à ceux que j’ai énumérés au para. 23 de la décision R. v. Wright, 2018 ONSC 1011. Par exemple :
  • Comment les policiers savent-ils que l’accusé est francophone?
  • Qui détermine ce que constitue un francophone?
  • Jusqu’à où est-ce que les policiers doivent aller pour accommoder la langue maternelle de l’accusé?
  • Est-ce que toutes les conversations avec les policiers doivent être en français si l’accusé est francophone?
[64]           If the state of the law was that a Francophone had to converse with a French-speaking police officer despite the fact that he understood English, several obstacles would arise. They are very similar to those I listed in paragraph 23 of the R. v. Wright decision, 2018 ONSC 1011. For example:
  • How do the police know that the accused is a Francophone?
  • Who decides what a Francophone is?
  • How far do the police have to go to accommodate the accused’s mother tongue?
  • Do all conversations with the police have to be in French if the accused is a Francophone?

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